Everything below concerns thymalfasin. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2025-08-19. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
The compound has been investigated as an adjunct in chronic viral hepatitis and as a vaccine adjuvant, with results that vary by study design and population. Regulators in some countries have approved a synthetic form for specific indications, while other agencies have not. Whether the peptide produces consistent clinical benefit across diverse patient groups is still an open question, and many trials have been small. Its status is therefore best described as investigational in many contexts and established only narrowly.
The name itself causes confusion, because several unrelated thymic peptides share the thymosin label. Thymosin beta-4, for example, is a different molecule with different functions. Naming conventions in the literature also mix descriptive research terms with assigned nonproprietary names, so a reader should confirm which entity a given paper addresses. Clarifying that point is usually the first step in interpreting any claim about this peptide.
Thymosin alpha-1 is a short peptide of 28 amino acid residues first described in the 1970s as a component of thymic extracts. Its N-terminal residue carries an acetyl group, and the sequence is highly conserved across mammalian species. The peptide is not encoded as a standalone gene product; it is released by proteolytic cleavage from the N-terminus of prothymosin alpha, a larger acidic nuclear protein. That precursor relationship places it within a broader family of thymic and immune-associated peptides that have been studied for decades.
The molecule consists of 28 amino acid residues with an acetyl group attached to the N-terminal serine. Its sequence is acidic overall, with several glutamic and aspartic acid residues distributed along the chain and no cysteine, so disulfide bridges do not form. The peptide carries a net negative charge at physiological pH. Because the N-terminus is blocked, the intact molecule resists degradation by many aminopeptidases, which contributes to its stability in biological fluids.
The peptide is generated in cells by cleavage of prothymosin alpha, a larger acidic protein encoded by the PTMA gene. Prothymosin alpha is expressed in many tissues, not only in the thymus, and its functions include nuclear roles in chromatin-related processes. The 28-residue fragment corresponds to the N-terminal portion of that precursor. How the cleavage occurs and how the fragment's concentration is regulated remain open questions; circulating amounts are small and difficult to measure reliably with routine assays.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Residue count | 28 amino acids | Acetyl group on the first residue |
| Approximate molecular mass | 3108 daltons | Calculated from the consensus sequence |
| Origin | Cleavage product of prothymosin alpha | Not encoded as a separate gene product |
| Primary research focus | Immune modulation | Studied in viral hepatitis and as a vaccine adjuvant |
| Common synonyms | Thymalfasin, Tα1, thymosin alpha 1 | Thymalfasin is the assigned nonproprietary name |
Like most short peptides, thymosin alpha-1 is susceptible to hydrolysis under strongly acidic or basic conditions and to oxidation when exposed to air over long periods. The acetylated amino terminus blocks one common degradation route, which contributes to the molecule's relative robustness in solution. Lyophilized material generally retains potency for extended periods when kept cold and dry. Once reconstituted, aqueous solutions are less stable and are typically used within a defined window rather than held indefinitely at ambient temperature.
Routine handling calls for storage of the lyophilized powder at refrigerated temperatures, away from light, in a sealed container. Working solutions are often prepared in sterile water or buffer and kept cold between uses. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are generally avoided because they can promote aggregation and loss of material. Laboratories usually record lot number, reconstitution date, and storage conditions so that any change in behavior can be traced to a specific preparation.
Thymosin alpha-1 is a synthetic peptide of 28 amino acid residues that corresponds to a naturally occurring fragment first isolated from thymus tissue. Its chain is acetylated at the amino terminus, a modification that shields the peptide from rapid cleavage by aminopeptidases. The molecule carries a net negative charge at physiological pH and dissolves freely in water. Researchers classify it as an immune-modulating agent rather than a classical hormone, because it acts on several cell types of both the innate and the adaptive immune system.
The peptide was identified during work in the 1970s on thymosin fraction 5, a partially purified extract of calf thymus. Investigators separated that mixture and characterized individual components, one of which they named thymosin alpha-1. The same compound later received the international nonproprietary name thymalfasin. Commercial material is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis rather than by extraction, so synthetic and natural forms share an identical sequence. Naming conventions vary across the literature, and readers should distinguish the alpha-1 peptide from other thymosins that have unrelated sequences and functions.
Thymosin beta-4 is a separate 43-residue peptide that binds actin and participates in cell migration; it shares no sequence similarity with thymosin alpha-1 despite the common family name. Other preparative materials, such as thymosin fraction 5 and thymopoietin, contain distinct mixtures or peptides. The shared thymosin label reflects the tissue of origin used in early purification, not a common structural core. Treating these molecules as interchangeable is a frequent source of confusion in laboratory reports and in popular summaries alike.
As demand for consumer goods increased after World War II, the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products. At the time, Germany had a large pool of skilled and cheap labour, partly as a result of the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe, which affected up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped Germany to more than double the value of its exports during the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population and in the late 1950s and 1960s extra labour supplied by thousands of Gastarbeiter ("guest workers") provided a vital base for the economic upturn. This would have implications later on for successive German governments as they tried to assimilate this group of workers. With the dropping of Allied reparations, the freeing of German intellectual property and the impact of the Marshall Plan stimulus, West Germany developed one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The East German economy showed a certain growth, but not as much as in West Germany, partly because of continued reparations to the USSR. In 1952, West Germany became part of the European Coal and Steel Community, which would later evolve into the European Union. On 5 May 1955 West Germany was declared to have the "authority of a sovereign state". The British, French and US militaries remained in the country, just as the Soviet Army remained in East Germany.
Human serum albumin, osmolyte and carrier protein α-fetoprotein, the fetal counterpart of serum albumin Soluble plasma fibronectin, forming a blood clot that stops bleeding C-reactive protein, opsonin on microbes, acute phase protein Various other globulins
=== Chemotherapy === Chemotherapy is injected directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, either by lumbar puncture ("spinal tap") or through a surgically implanted device called an Ommaya reservoir. Intrathecal Therapy is preferred since intravenous chemotherapy do not penetrate the BBB. The most common chemicals used are liposomal cytarabine (DepoCyte) and intrathecal methotrexate (MTX). The downside of a spinal tap diagnosis is that while it is highly accurate and reliable, it can also report false-negative results. Chemotherapy is delivered intrathecally as it is hard for drugs to make it into the central nervous system. Intrathecal chemotherapy can only penetrate a few millimeters. If the tumor is any thicker, radiation is given to shrink it down. The treatment is done to reduce pressure on the brain caused by any cerebrospinal fluid buildup and to reduce the number of cancer cells causing the pressure. For the best care, patients should see a physician who regularly treats leptomeningeal cancer and is most up-to-date on medicines that penetrate the blood-brain barrier, how to treat the symptoms, and clinical trials that might include patients with leptomeningeal cancer.
=== Triggers === Several environmental factors have been postulated to modify illness susceptibility or induce disease; the most persuasive of these is the role of female sex hormones, as evidenced by the disease's significant female-to-male ratio and other data. Furthermore, investigations indicate that Epstein–Barr virus, retroviruses, or other viruses may play a role in causing disease in some patients. Cytomegalovirus has also been proposed as capable of eliciting anti-RNP antibody responses in the absence of illness. Environmental exposure to vinyl chloride has been linked to the development of an MCTD-like condition.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Identification of Secondary Structure == VADAR identifies and assigns protein secondary structure using 3 different algorithms. These three methods are then combined to create a consensus secondary structure assignment. Only 3 types of secondary structure are identified: Helices are indicated with an "H", beta-strands are indicated with a "B" and coil or unstructured regions are identified with a "C". Secondary structure assignments for each residue are listed under the column labeled SCND STRUC. The first secondary structure identification method (which appears in column 1) uses a geometric masking approach that was first described by Richards and Kundrot with slight modifications. The second method (which appears in column 2) uses backbone dihedral angles to identify secondary structure elements in a manner initially described by Levitt and Greer as well as Chou and Fasman. The third secondary structure identification method uses hydrogen bonding patterns (in association with measured dihedral angles) to identify helices, beta strands and coil regions. This third method is somewhat similar to the method originally described by Kabsch and Sander. The net result or consensus secondary structure is a weighted combination of each of the three methods. VADAR’s method of secondary structure identification generally identifies a higher fraction of secondary structure elements than the DSSP algorithm (64% helices and beta strands for VADAR versus 51% helices and beta strands for DSSP).
== Scoville organoleptic test == In the Scoville organoleptic test, an exact weight of dried pepper is dissolved in alcohol to extract the heat components (capsaicinoids), then diluted in a solution of sugar water. Decreasing concentrations of the extracted capsaicinoids are given to a panel of five trained tasters, until a majority (at least three) can no longer detect the heat in a dilution. The heat level is based on this dilution, rated in multiples of 100 SHU. Another source using subjective assessment stated, "Conventional methods used in determining the level of pungency or capsaicin concentration are using a panel of tasters (Scoville organoleptic test method). ... Pepper pungency is measured in Scoville heat units (SHU). This measurement is the highest dilution of a chili pepper extract at which heat can be detected by a taste panel." A weakness of the Scoville organoleptic test is its imprecision due to human subjectivity, depending on the taster's palate and number of mouth heat receptors, which vary widely among subjects. Another shortcoming is sensory fatigue; the palate is quickly desensitized to capsaicinoids after tasting a few samples within a short time period. Results vary widely (up to ± 50%) between laboratories.
== ISO 9000 – ISO 9999 == ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems – Requirements ISO/TS 9002:2016 Quality management systems – Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015 ISO 9004:2018 Managing for the sustained success of an organization – A quality management approach ISO/TR 9007:1987 Information processing systems - Concepts and terminology for the conceptual schema and the information base ISO 9019:1995 Securities – Numbering of certificates ISO 9022 Optics and optical instruments - Environmental test methods ISO 9022-1:2016 Definitions, extent of testing ISO 9022-2:2015 Cold, heat and humidity ISO 9022-3:2015 Mechanical stress ISO 9022-4:2014 Salt mist ISO 9022-5:1994 Combined cold, low air pressure [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 9022-23:2016] ISO 9022-6:2015 Dust ISO 9022-23:2016 Low pressure combined with cold, ambient temperature and dry or damp heat ISO 9031:1987 Air cargo equipment - Handling systems for unit load devices (ULDs) - Symbols for pictorial representation ISO 9036:1987 Information processing - Arabic 7-bit coded character set for information interchange ISO/IEC 9040:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Service ISO/IEC 9041 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Virtual Terminal Basic Class Protocol ISO/IEC 9041-1:1997 Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9041-2:1997 Part 2: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9045:1990 Industrial screens and screening – Vocabulary ISO 9050 Glass in building – Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance and related glazing factors ISO 9060: Solar energy -- Specification and classification of instruments for measuring hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation ISO/IEC 9066 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Reliable Transfer ISO/IEC 9066-1:1989 Part 1: Model and service definition ISO/IEC 9066-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9066-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9069:1988 Information processing – SGML support facilities – SGML Document Interchange Format (SDIF) ISO/IEC 9070:1991 Information technology - SGML support facilities - Registration procedures for public text owner identifiers ISO/IEC 9072 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Remote Operations ISO/IEC 9072-1:1989 Part 1: Model, notation and service definition ISO/IEC 9072-2:1989 Part 2: Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9072-3:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC 9075 Information technology – Database languages – SQL ISO 9086 Wood – Methods of physical and mechanical testing – Vocabulary ISO 9086-1:1987 Part 1: General concepts and macrostructure ISO 9092:2011 Textiles – Nonwovens – Definition ISO 9095:1990 Steel tubes – Continuous character marking and colour coding for material identification ISO 9123:2001 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Stage-fall-discharge relationships ISO/IEC 9126 Software engineering – Product quality ISO 9128:2006 Road vehicles - Graphical symbols to designate brake fluid types ISO 9141 Road vehicles – Diagnostic systems ISO 9141-2 CARB requirements for interchange of digital information ISO 9141-3 Verification of the communication between vehicle and OBD II scan tool ISO 9144:1991 Securities – Optical character recognition line – Position and structure ISO 9160:1988 Information processing - Data encipherment - Physical layer interoperability requirements ISO 9170 Terminal units for medical gas pipeline systems ISO 9170-1:2017 Part 1: Terminal units for use with compressed medical gases and vacuum ISO 9170-2:2008 Part 2: Terminal units for anaesthetic gas scavenging systems ISO/IEC 9171 Information technology - 130 mm optical disk cartridge, write once, for information interchange ISO/IEC 9171-1:1990 Part 1: Unrecorded optical disk cartridge ISO/IEC 9171-2:1990 Part 2: Recording format ISO 9175 Tubular tips for hand-held technical pens using India ink on tracing paper ISO 9175-1:1988 Part 1: Definitions, dimensions, designation and marking ISO 9177 Mechanical pencils for technical drawings ISO 9177-1:2016 Part 1: Classification, dimensions, performance requirements and testing ISO 9177-2:1989 Part 2: Black leads – Classification and dimensions ISO 9177-3:1994 Part 3: Black leads – Bending strengths of HB leads ISO 9180:1988 Black leads for wood-cased pencils – Classification and diameters ISO 9186 Graphical symbols - Test methods ISO 9186-1:2014 Part 1: Method for testing comprehensibility ISO 9186-2:2008 Part 2: Method for testing perceptual quality ISO 9186-3:2014 Part 3: Method for testing symbol referent association ISO 9187 Injection equipment for medical use ISO 9187-1:2010 Part 1: Ampoules for injectables ISO 9187-2:2010 Part 2: One-point-cut (OPC) ampoules ISO 9195:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Sampling and analysis of gravel-bed material ISO 9196:1992 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Flow measurements under ice conditions ISO 9211 Optics and photonics - Optical coatings ISO 9211-1:2010 Part 1: Definitions ISO/TR 9212:2015 Hydrometry – Methods of measurement of bedload discharge ISO 9222 Technical drawings – Seals for dynamic application ISO 9222-1:1989 Part 1: General simplified representation ISO 9222-2:1989 Part 2: Detailed simplified representation ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Classification, determination and estimation ISO 9224 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Guiding values for the corrosivity categories ISO 9225 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Measurement of environmental parameters affecting corrosivity of atmospheres ISO 9226 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity ISO 9227:2017 Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres – Salt spray tests ISO 9229:2007 Thermal insulation - Vocabulary ISO 9230:2007 Information and documentation - Determination of price indexes for print and electronic media purchased by libraries ISO 9232:2003 Yogurt – Identification of characteristic microorganisms (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) ISO 9235:2013 Aromatic natural raw materials – Vocabulary ISO 9241 Ergonomics of human-system interaction ISO 9244:2008 Earth-moving machinery - Machine safety labels - General principles ISO 9245:1991 Earth-moving machinery – Machine productivity – Vocabulary, symbols and units ISO 9247:1990 Earth-moving machinery – Electrical wires and cables – Principles of identification and marking ISO/TS 9250 Earth-moving machinery – Multilingual listing of equivalent terms ISO/TS 9250-1:2012 Part 1: General ISO/TS 9250-2:2012 Part 2: Performance and dimensions ISO 9251:1987 Thermal insulation - Heat transfer conditions and properties of materials - Vocabulary ISO 9264:1988 Woodworking machines – Narrow belt sanding machines with sliding table or frame – Nomenclature ISO 9265:1988 Woodworking machines – Multi-spindle boring machines – Nomenclature ISO 9266:1988 Woodworking machines – Universal tool and cutter sharpeners – Nomenclature ISO 9267:1988 Woodworking machines – Bandsaw blade sharpening machines – Nomenclature ISO 9268:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone screws with conical under-surface of head – Dimensions ISO 9269:1988 Implants for surgery – Metal bone plates – Holes and slots corresponding to screws with conical under-surface ISO/IEC 9281 Information technology - Picture coding methods ISO/IEC 9281-1:1990 Part 1: Identification ISO/IEC 9281-2:1990 Part 2: Procedure for registration ISO/IEC 9282 Information processing - Coded representation of pictures ISO/IEC 9282-1:1988 Part 1: Encoding principles for picture representation in a 7-bit or 8-bit environment ISO 9288:1989 Thermal insulation – Heat transfer by radiation – Physical quantities and definitions ISO/IEC 9293:1994 Information technology – Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange ISO 9295:2015 Acoustics - Determination of high-frequency sound power levels emitted by machinery and equipment ISO 9296:2017 Acoustics - Declared noise emission values of information technology and telecommunications equipment ISO 9300:2005 Measurement of gas flow by means of critical flow Venturi nozzles ISO 9308 Water quality – Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria ISO 9308-1:2014 Part 1: Membrane filtration method for waters with low bacterial background flora ISO 9308-2:2012 Part 2: Most probable number method ISO 9308-3:1998 Part 3: Miniaturized method (Most Probable Number) for the detection and enumeration of E. coli in surface and waste water ISO 9314 Information processing systems Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) ISO 9314-1:1989 Part 1: Token Ring Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) ISO 9314-2:1989 Part 2: Token Ring Media Access Control (MAC) ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990 Part 3: Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-4:1999 Part 4: Single Mode Fibre Physical Layer Medium Dependent (SMF-PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-5:1995 Part 5: Hybrid Ring Control (HRC) ISO/IEC 9314-6:1998 Part 6: Station Management (SMT) ISO/IEC 9314-7:1998 Part 7: Physical layer Protocol (PHY-2) ISO/IEC 9314-8:1998 Part 8: Media Access Control-2 (MAC-2) ISO/IEC 9314-9:2000 Part 9: Low-cost fibre physical layer medium dependent (LCF-PMD) ISO/IEC 9314-13:1998 Part 13: Conformance Test Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (CT-PICS) Proforma ISO/IEC 9314-20:2001 Part 20: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical medium dependent conformance testing (FDDI PMD ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-21:2000 Part 21: Abstract test suite for FDDI physical layer protocol conformance testing (FDDI PHY ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-25:1998 Part 25: Abstract test suite for FDDI - Station Management Conformance Testing (SMT-ATS) ISO/IEC 9314-26:2001 Part 26: Media Access Control Conformance Testing (MAC-ATS) ISO 9315:1989 Information processing systems - Interface between flexible disk cartridge drives and their host controllers ISO/IEC 9316:1995 Information technology - Small Computer System Interface-2 ISO/IEC 9316-2:2000 Information technology - Small computer system interface-2 (SCSI-2) - Part 2: Common Access Method (CAM) Transport and SCSI interface module ISO/IEC 9318 Information technology - Intelligent Peripheral Interface ISO/IEC 9318-2:1990 Part 2: Device specific command set for magnetic disk drives ISO/IEC 9318-3:1990 Part 3: Device generic command set for magnetic and optical disk drives ISO/IEC 9318-4:2002 Part 4: Device generic command set for magnetic tape drives (IPI-3 tape) ISO 9334:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Definitions and mathematical relationships ISO 9335:2012 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Principles and procedures of measurement ISO 9342 Optics and optical instruments – Test lenses for calibration of focimeters ISO 9342-1:2005 Part 1: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring spectacle lenses ISO 9342-2:2005 Part 2: Test lenses for focimeters used for measuring contact lenses ISO 9346:2007 Hygrothermal performance of buildings and building materials – Physical quantities for mass transfer – Vocabulary ISO 9360 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) for humidifying respired gases in humans ISO 9360-1:2000 Part 1: HMEs for use with minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml ISO 9360-2:2001 Part 2: HMEs for use with tracheostomized patients having minimum tidal volumes of 250 ml ISO 9362:2014 Banking – Banking telecommunication messages – Business identifier code (BIC) ISO 9368 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits by the weighing method – Procedures for checking installations ISO 9368-1:1990 Part 1: Static weighing systems ISO 9394:2012 Ophthalmic optics – Contact lenses and contact lens care products – Determination of biocompatibility by ocular study with rabbit eyes ISO 9407 Shoe sizes – Mondopoint system of sizing and marking ISO 9431:1990 Construction drawings – Spaces for drawing and for text, and title blocks on drawing sheets ISO/TR 9464:2008 Guidelines for the use of ISO 5167:2003 ISO 9488:1999 Solar energy - Vocabulary ISO 9493:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Dimensional measuring equipment: Dial test indicators (lever type) – Design and metrological characteristics ISO/IEC 9496:2003 CHILL - The ITU-T programming language ISO 9506 Industrial automation systems - Manufacturing Message Specification ISO/IEC 9529 Information processing systems - Data interchange on 90 mm (3,5 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 15 916 ftprad, on 80 tracks on each side ISO/IEC 9541 Information technology – Font information interchange ISO/IEC 9541-1:2012 Part 1: Architecture ISO/IEC 9541-2:2012 Part 2: Interchange Format ISO/IEC 9541-3:2012 Part 3: Glyph shape representation ISO/IEC 9541-4:2009 Part 4: Harmonization to Open Font Format ISO 9542:1988 Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to Intermediate system routeing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the Protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (ISO 8473) ISO 9543:1989 Information processing systems – Information exchange between systems – Synchronous transmission signal quality at DTE/DCE interfaces ISO/IEC 9545:1994 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Application Layer structure ISO/TR 9547:1988 Programming language processors - Test methods - Guidelines for their development and acceptability ISO/IEC 9548 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Session protocol ISO/IEC 9548-1:1996 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9548-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC 9549:1990 Information technology – Galvanic isolation of balanced interchange circuit ISO 9555 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow ISO 9555-1:1994 Part 1: General ISO 9555-3:1992 Part 3: Chemical tracers ISO 9555-4:1992 Part 4: Fluorescent tracers ISO 9564 Financial services – Personal Identification Number (PIN) management and security ISO 9568:1993 Cinematography – Background acoustic noise levels in theatres, review rooms and dubbing rooms ISO/IEC TR 9573:1988 Information processing - SGML support facilities - Techniques for using SGML ISO/IEC TR 9573-11:2004 Part 11: Structure descriptions and style specifications for standards document interchange ISO/IEC TR 9573-13:1991 Part 13: Public entity sets for mathematics and science ISO/IEC 9574:1992 Information technology – Provision of the OSI connection-mode network service by packet mode terminal equipment to an integrated services digital network (ISDN) ISO/IEC TR 9575:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – OSI Routeing Framework ISO/IEC 9576 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connectionless Presentation protocol ISO/IEC 9576-1:1995 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9576-2:1995 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC TR 9577:1999 Information technology – Protocol identification in the network layer ISO/IEC TR 9578:1990 Information technology – Communication interface connectors used in local area networks ISO/IEC 9579:2000 Information technology – Remote database access for SQL with security enhancement ISO 9583:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Liquid penetrant inspection of metallic surgical implants ISO 9584:1993 Implants for surgery – Non-destructive testing – Radiographic examination of cast metallic surgical implants ISO 9585:1990 Implants for surgery – Determination of bending strength and stiffness of bone plates ISO/IEC 9592 Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) ISO/IEC 9593 Information technology – Computer graphics – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) language bindings ISO/IEC 9594 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory ISO/IEC 9594-1:2017 Part 1: Overview of concepts, models and services ISO/IEC 9594-2:2017 Part 2: Models ISO/IEC 9594-3:2017 Part 3: Abstract service definition ISO/IEC 9594-4:2017 Part 4: Procedures for distributed operation ISO/IEC 9594-5:2017 Part 5: Protocol specifications ISO/IEC 9594-6:2017 Part 6: Selected attribute types ISO/IEC 9594-7:2017 Part 7: Selected object classes ISO/IEC 9594-8:2017 Part 8: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks ISO/IEC 9594-9:2017 Part 9: Replication ISO/IEC 9595:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information service ISO/IEC 9596 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information protocol ISO/IEC 9596-1:1998 Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9611:1996 Acoustics – Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound radiation from connected structures – Measurement of velocity at the contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted ISO 9613 Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors ISO 9613-1:1993 Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere ISO 9613-2:1996 Part 2: General method of calculation ISO 9614 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity ISO 9614-1:1993 Part 1: Measurement at discrete points ISO 9614-2:1996 Part 2: Measurement by scanning ISO 9614-3:2002 Part 3: Precision method for measurement by scanning ISO 9626:2016 Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices – Requirements and test methods ISO/IEC 9636 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Functional specification ISO/IEC 9636-1:1991 Part 1: Overview, profiles, and conformance ISO/IEC 9636-2:1991 Part 2: Control ISO/IEC 9636-3:1991 Part 3: Output ISO/IEC 9636-4:1991 Part 4: Segments ISO/IEC 9636-5:1991 Part 5: Input and echoing ISO/IEC 9636-6:1991 Part 6: Raster ISO/IEC 9637 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Data stream binding ISO/IEC 9637-1:1994 Part 1: Character encoding ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 Part 2: Binary encoding ISO/IEC 9638 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Language bindings ISO/IEC 9638-3:1994 Part 3: Ada ISO 9645:1990 Acoustics – Measurement of noise emitted by two-wheeled mopeds in motion – Engineering method ISO/IEC 9646 Information technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Conformance testing methodology and framework ISO/IEC 9646-1:1994 Part 1: General concepts ISO/IEC 9646-2:1994 Part 2: Abstract Test Suite specification ISO/IEC 9646-3:1998 Part 3: The Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) ISO/IEC 9646-4:1994 Part 4: Test realization ISO/IEC 9646-5:1994 Part 5: Requirements on test laboratories and clients for the conformance assessment process ISO/IEC 9646-6:1994 Part 6: Protocol profile test specification ISO/IEC 9646-7:1995 Part 7: Implementation Conformance Statements ISO 9660:1988 Information processing – Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange ISO/IEC 9661:1994 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm wide magnetic tape cartridges – 18 tracks, 1 491 data bytes per millimetre ISO 9662:1994 Aircraft equipment - Environmental and operating conditions for airborne equipment - Humidity, temperature and pressure tests ISO 9668:1990 Pulps — Determination of magnesium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] ISO 9687:2015 Dentistry - Graphical symbols for dental equipment ISO 9688:1990 Mechanical vibration and shock – Analytical methods of assessing shock resistance of mechanical systems – Information exchange between suppliers and users of analyses ISO 9696:2007 Water quality - Measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water - Thick source method ISO 9706:1994 Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence ISO 9707:2008 Information and documentation - Statistics on the production and distribution of books, newspapers, periodicals and electronic publications ISO 9712:2012 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 9713:2002 Neurosurgical implants – Self-closing intracranial aneurysm clips ISO 9714 Orthopaedic drilling instruments ISO 9714-1:2012 Part 1: Drill bits, taps and countersink cutters ISO 9735:1988 Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce and transport (EDIFACT) – Application level syntax rules (Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release number: 2) ISO 9735-1:2002 Part 1: Syntax rules common to all parts ISO 9735-2:2002 Part 2: Syntax rules specific to batch EDI ISO 9735-3:2002 Part 3: Syntax rules specific to interactive EDI ISO 9735-4:2002 Part 4: Syntax and service report message for batch EDI (message type – CONTRL) ISO 9735-5:2002 Part 5: Security rules for batch EDI (authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation of origin) ISO 9735-6:2002 Part 6: Secure authentication and acknowledgement message (message type – AUTACK) ISO 9735-7:2002 Part 7: Security rules for batch EDI (confidentiality) ISO 9735-8:2002 Part 8: Associated data in EDI ISO 9735-9:2002 Part 9: Security key and certificate management message (message type – KEYMAN) ISO 9735-10:2014 Part 10: Syntax service directories ISO/IEC 9796 Information technology – Security techniques – Digital signature schemes giving message recovery ISO/IEC 9796-2:2010 Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9796-3:2006 Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9797 Information technology – Security techniques – Message Authentication Codes (MACs) ISO/IEC 9797-1:2011 Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher ISO/IEC 9797-2:2011 Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function ISO/IEC 9797-3:2011 Part 3: Mechanisms using a universal hash-function ISO/IEC 9798 Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication ISO/IEC 9798-1:2010 Part 1: General ISO/IEC 9798-2:2008 Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric encipherment algorithms ISO/IEC 9798-3:1998 Part 3: Mechanisms using digital signature ISO/IEC 9798-4:1999 Part 4: Mechanisms using a cryptographic check function ISO/IEC 9798-5:2009 Part 5: Mechanisms using zero-knowledge techniques ISO/IEC 9798-6:2010 Part 6: Mechanisms using manual data transfer ISO 9801:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Trial case lenses ISO 9802:1996 Raw optical glass – Vocabulary ISO/IEC 9804:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Service definition for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805-1:1998 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9805-2:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/TR 9824:2007 Hydrometry – Measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits ISO 9825:2005 Hydrometry – Field measurement of discharge in large rivers and rivers in flood ISO 9826:1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Parshall and SANIIRI flumes ISO 9827:1994 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes – Streamlined triangular profile weirs ISO/IEC 9834 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities ISO/IEC 9834-1:2012 General procedures and top arcs of the international object identifier tree ISO/IEC 9834-2:1993 Part 2: Registration procedures for OSI document types ISO/IEC 9834-3:2008 Registration of Object Identifier arcs beneath the top-level arc jointly administered by ISO and ITU-T ISO/IEC 9834-4:1991 Part 4: Register of VTE Profiles ISO/IEC 9834-5:1991 Part 5: Register of VT Control Object Definitions ISO/IEC 9834-6:2005 Registration of application processes and application entities ISO/IEC 9834-7:2008 Joint ISO and ITU-T Registration of International Organizations ISO/IEC 9834-8:2014 Part 8: Generation of universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and their use in object identifiers ISO/IEC 9834-9:2008 Registration of object identifier arcs for applications and services using tag-based identification ISO 9846 Solar energy -- Calibration of a pyranometer using a pyrheliometer ISO 9847 Solar energy -- Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer ISO 9849:2017 Optics and optical instruments - Geodetic and surveying instruments - Vocabulary ISO 9851:1990 Continuous mechanical handling equipment – Overhead electrical monorail conveyors – Definitions and safety rules ISO 9869 Thermal insulation – Building elements – In-situ measurements of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance ISO 9873:2017 Dentistry - Intra-oral mirrors ISO 9878:1990 Micrographics - Graphical symbols for use in microfilming ISO 9897:1997 Freight containers - Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) - General communication codes ISO/IEC 9899:2018 Programming languages – C ISO 9902 Textile machinery – Noise test code ISO 9902-1:2001 Part 1: Common requirements ISO 9902-2:2001 Part 2: Spinning preparatory and spinning machinery ISO 9902-3:2001 Part 3: Nonwoven machinery ISO 9902-4:2001 Part 4: Yarn processing, cordage and rope manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-5:2001 Part 5: Weaving and knitting preparatory machinery ISO 9902-6:2001 Part 6: Fabric manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-7:2001 Part 7: Dyeing and finishing machinery ISO 9926 Cranes – Training of operators ISO 9926-1:1990 Part 1: General ISO 9926-3:2016 Part 3: Tower cranes ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009 Information technology – Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX®) Base Specifications, Issue 7 ISO 9947:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Two-for-one twisters – Vocabulary ISO 9949 Urine absorbing aids - Vocabulary ISO 9949-1:1993 Part 1: Conditions of urinary incontinence ISO 9949-2:1993 Part 2: Products ISO 9949-3:1993 Part 3: Identification of product types ISO 9951:1993 Measurement of gas flow in closed conduits – Turbine meters ISO 9957 Fluid draughting media ISO 9957-1:1992 Part 1: Water-based India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-2:1995 Part 2: Water-based non-India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-3:1997 Part 3: Water-based coloured draughting inks – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9958 Draughting media for technical drawings – Draughting film with polyester base ISO 9958-1:1992 Part 1: Requirements and marking ISO 9958-2:1992 Part 2: Determination of properties ISO 9959 Numerically controlled draughting machines – Drawing test for the evaluation of performance ISO 9959-1:1992 Part 1: Vector plotters ISO 9960 Draughting instruments with or without graduation ISO 9960-1:1992 Part 1: Draughting scale rules ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings – Natural tracing paper ISO 9962 Manually operated draughting machines ISO 9962-1:1992 Part 1: Definitions, classification and designation ISO 9962-2:1992 Part 2: Characteristics, performance, inspection and marking ISO/IEC 9973:2013 Information technology - Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation - Procedures for registration of items ISO 9984:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters ISO 9985:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Armenian characters into Latin characters ISO 9992 Financial transaction cards – Messages between the integrated circuit card and the card accepting device ISO/IEC 9995 Information technology – Keyboard layouts for text and office systems ISO 9997:1999 Dental cartridge syringes ISO 9999 Assistive products for persons with disability – Classification and terminology
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence lifetime === The lifetime of tryptophan fluorescence differs between folded and unfolded protein. Quantification of UV-excited fluorescence lifetimes at various temperature intervals yields a measurement of Tm. A prominent advantage of this technique is that no reporter dyes need be added as tryptophan is an intrinsic part of the protein. This can also be a disadvantage as not all proteins contain tryptophan. Intrinsic fluorescence lifetime works with membrane proteins and detergent micelles but a powerful UV fluorophore (e.g. auto-fluorescent small molecule) in the buffer could drown out the signal.
Cycloalkanes have relatively intense molecular ion peaks (two bonds have to break). Alkene fragmentation peaks are often most significant mode. Loss of “CH2CH2“ (= 28) is common, if present. However, for the substituted cycloalkanes, they prefer to form the cycloalkyl cations by cleavage at the branched points.
=== Skin injections in plastic surgery === Sodium hyaluronate is injected to reduce wrinkles on the face. As of 2017, the FDA had approved 13 hyaluronate preparations as so called dermal fillers. They are also used as a filler of lips or in other parts of the body, though not FDA approved. The filling effect is temporary and lasts for about six months or longer in most people.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is usually classified as an immunomodulatory peptide rather than a classical hormone. It derives from the larger protein prothymosin alpha and acts mainly on immune cells. The thymosin label covers a group of distinct peptides, so the naming can be misleading.
The two share a family name but have different sequences, sizes, and functions. Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-residue peptide associated with actin binding and cell migration. Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-residue peptide linked mainly to immune signaling.
Thymalfasin is the assigned international nonproprietary name for the synthetic 28-residue peptide. Thymosin alpha-1 is the descriptive research name for the same molecule. Which term appears depends on the context and the regulatory document.
Thymosin fraction 5 is a mixture of many peptides obtained from thymus tissue, while thymosin alpha 1 is a single defined 28-residue molecule. The two names appear together in older literature because the purified peptide was first obtained from that mixture.